HTTP and HTTPS are core concepts of web security and are extremely important for cybersecurity students, ethical hackers, SOC analysts, and certification exams such as CEH and Security+.
This post explains HTTP vs HTTPS in deep detail using definition, function, classification, working mechanism, examples, security risks, and prevention.
What Is HTTP?
Definition
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is an application-layer protocol used for transferring data between a web browser (client) and a web server.
Function
- Requests web pages from servers
- Transfers HTML, images, and data
- Works on a request–response model
Key Characteristics
- No encryption
- Stateless protocol
- Data sent in plain text
Port Number
HTTP uses Port 80 by default.
Example
http://example.com
Security Issues with HTTP
Why HTTP Is Insecure
- Data is transmitted in plain text
- Attackers can intercept traffic
- No data integrity protection
Common Attacks on HTTP
- Packet sniffing
- Man-in-the-Middle (MITM)
- Session hijacking
- Credential theft
Real-World Example
An attacker using Wireshark can read usernames and passwords sent over HTTP.
What Is HTTPS?
Definition
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is the secure version of HTTP. It uses SSL/TLS encryption to protect data during transmission.
Function
- Encrypts data between client and server
- Ensures data confidentiality
- Prevents data tampering
Key Characteristics
- Encrypted communication
- Uses digital certificates
- Provides authentication
Port Number
HTTPS uses Port 443 by default.
Example
https://example.com
How HTTPS Works (SSL/TLS Process)
Step-by-Step Working
- Browser requests a secure connection
- Server sends SSL/TLS certificate
- Browser verifies certificate authenticity
- Encryption keys are exchanged
- Secure encrypted session begins
Security Services Provided
- Confidentiality – data is encrypted
- Integrity – data cannot be altered
- Authentication – verifies server identity
HTTP vs HTTPS Comparison
| Feature | HTTP | HTTPS |
|---|---|---|
| Encryption | No | Yes (SSL/TLS) |
| Port | 80 | 443 |
| Security | Not Secure | Secure |
| Data Visibility | Plain Text | Encrypted |
| Browser Trust | Shows “Not Secure” | Shows Lock Icon |
Why HTTPS Is Important for Cybersecurity
Security Benefits
- Protects user credentials
- Prevents MITM attacks
- Ensures safe online transactions
Real-World Use
- Online banking
- E-commerce websites
- Email services
CEH Exam Notes (Important)
- HTTP sends data in plain text
- HTTPS uses SSL/TLS encryption
- MITM attacks target HTTP traffic
- Packet sniffing works on unencrypted data
CEH Tip: Expect scenario-based questions comparing HTTP and HTTPS.
Security+ Exam Notes
- Understand encryption concepts
- Know default ports (80 vs 443)
- Focus on confidentiality, integrity, authentication
Security+ Tip: HTTPS is a key example of secure communication.
Best Practices
- Always use HTTPS
- Install valid SSL certificates
- Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
- Disable weak encryption protocols
Conclusion
HTTP and HTTPS differ mainly in security. HTTP is unsafe for sensitive communication, while HTTPS protects data using encryption and authentication.
In cybersecurity, HTTPS is mandatory — not optional.
